ABSTRACT
αPhellandrene (αPA), a natural constituent of herbs, inhibits cancer cell viability and proliferation. 5Fluorouracil (5FU) is a frequently utilized chemotherapeutic medicine for the treatment of colon cancer, which works by triggering cancer cell apoptosis. The present study examined how the combination of αPA and 5FU affects the suppression of human colon cancer cells by promoting apoptosis. The impact of this treatment on cell viability, apoptosis, and the expression levels of Bcl2 family members, caspase family members and mitochondriarelated molecules in HT29 cells was assessed by the MTT assay, immunocytochemistry, western blotting and quantitative PCR. The combination of 5FU and αPA had a synergistic inhibitory effect on cell viability, as determined by assessing the combination index value. Bax protein expression levels were higher in the 50, 100 or 250 µM αPA combined with 5FU groups compared with those in the 5FU alone group (P<0.05). By contrast, Bcl2 protein expression levels and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, ΔΨm) were lower in the 100 or 250 µM αPA combined with 5FU groups than those in the 5FU alone group (P<0.05). In addition, hexokinase2 (HK2) protein expression levels were lower in the 50, 100 or 250 µM αPA combined with 5FU groups than those in the 5FU alone group (P<0.05). Compared with 5FU alone, after HT29 cells were treated with 50, 100 or 250 µM αPA combined with 5FU, the mRNA expression levels of extrinsicinduced apoptotic molecules, including caspase8 and Bid, were higher (P<0.05). Treatment with 50, 100 or 250 µM αPA combined with 5FU also increased the mRNA expression levels of cytochrome c, caspase9 and caspase3, regulating intrinsic apoptosis (P<0.05). These results showed that αPA and 5FU had a synergistic effect on reducing the viability of human colon cancer HT29 cells by inducing extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. The mechanism by which apoptosis is induced may involve the intrinsic apoptosis pathway that activates the mitochondriadependent pathway, including regulating the expression levels of Bcl2 family members, including Bax, Bcl2 and Bid, regulating MMP and HK2 expression levels, and increasing the expression of caspase cascade molecules, including caspase9 and caspase3. In addition, it may involve the extrinsic apoptosis pathway that activates caspase8 and caspase3 leading to apoptosis.
Subject(s)
Colonic Neoplasms , Cyclohexane Monoterpenes , Fluorouracil , Humans , Fluorouracil/pharmacology , Caspase 3 , Caspase 9 , Caspase 8 , HT29 Cells , Apoptosis , Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Colonic Neoplasms/genetics , Caspases , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics , RNA, MessengerABSTRACT
Background and Aim. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia/MC) contains charantin that has antidiabetic properties as an α-glucosidase inhibitor and antioxidative properties. Lactic acid fermentation using Lactobacillus fermentum LLB3 increased its antioxidative properties. The study was aimed to analyse the difference of the treatment that influences blood glucose and SOD level before and after treatment compared to acarbose. Experimental procedure. A total of 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Diabetes type 2 was induced by a single dose (60 mg/kg) of streptozotocin (STZ) and 120 mg/kg of nicotinamide, intraperitoneally. Following three days of STZ induction, the animals were randomly divided into four groups. Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were given acarbose 40 mg/100 g feed, MC 10 ml/kg body weight, fermented MC 10 ml/kg body weight, and distilled water, respectively, for 28 days. Glucose and SOD values were measured by spectrophotometer and ELISA, respectively. The difference between pretest and posttest data was analysed using the pair t-test. Data were analysed using ANOVA and Tukey HSD for post hoc analysis. Level of significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Fasting glucose and postprandial blood glucose were significantly decreased in groups given MC and fermented MC but not as low as those in the acarbose group (p < 0.001). The value of SOD significantly increased in groups given MC and fermented MC but not as high as those in the acarbose groups (p < 0.001). The value of SOD significantly increased in groups given MC and fermented MC but not as high as those in the acarbose groups (. CONCLUSION: Although MC gave significant results in increasing SOD and lowering fasting as well as postprandial blood glucose, fermented MC was better than MC, and acarbose still gave the best results.